Индивидуальные очистные сооружения: К классу индивидуальных очистных сооружений относят сооружения, пропускная способность которых...
Организация стока поверхностных вод: Наибольшее количество влаги на земном шаре испаряется с поверхности морей и океанов (88‰)...
Топ:
Определение места расположения распределительного центра: Фирма реализует продукцию на рынках сбыта и имеет постоянных поставщиков в разных регионах. Увеличение объема продаж...
Эволюция кровеносной системы позвоночных животных: Биологическая эволюция – необратимый процесс исторического развития живой природы...
История развития методов оптимизации: теорема Куна-Таккера, метод Лагранжа, роль выпуклости в оптимизации...
Интересное:
Наиболее распространенные виды рака: Раковая опухоль — это самостоятельное новообразование, которое может возникнуть и от повышенного давления...
Распространение рака на другие отдаленные от желудка органы: Характерных симптомов рака желудка не существует. Выраженные симптомы появляются, когда опухоль...
Берегоукрепление оползневых склонов: На прибрежных склонах основной причиной развития оползневых процессов является подмыв водами рек естественных склонов...
Дисциплины:
2017-06-19 | 667 |
5.00
из
|
Заказать работу |
According to its origin the wordstock may be subdivided into native and borrowed words.
A native word belongs to the original English stock. A loan word ( borrowed word) is taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.
The native words are further devided into those of the Indo-European stock and those of Common Germanic origin. The words having cognates(слова общего происхождения, терм.) in the vocabularies of different Indo-European languages form the oldest layer. They fall into definite semantic groups. 1)terms of kinship: father, mother, son, daughter, brother; 2)words naming the most important objects and phenomena of nature: sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood;3)names of animals and birds: bull, cat, crow, goose, wolf; 4) parts of the human body: arm, ear, eye, foot, heart. Some of the most frequent verbs are also of Indo-European common stock: bear, come, sit, stand. The adjectives denote concrete physical properties: hard, quick, slaw, red, white..
The Common Germanic words having parallels in German, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic. There are many semantic groups. The nouns are summer, winter, storm, rain, ice, ground, bridge, house, shop. The verbs are bake, burn, buy, drive, hear, keep. The adjectives are broad, dead, deaf, deep. Together with the words of the common Indo-European stock Common Germanic words form the bulk of speech. They are often monosyllabic, show great word-building power and often polysemantic.
About 70°/ of the English vocabulary consist of loan words and only 30°/o of the words are native. It is due to specific conditions of the English language development. The Roman invasion, the introduction of Christianity, the Danish and Norman conquests caused important changes in the vocabulary.
The term “source of borrowing ” should be distinguished from the term origin of borrowing”. The first should be applied to the language from which the loan word was taken into English. The second, on the other hand, refers to the language to which the word may be traced.
Sources of borrowing in English
1)Celtic (5th-6thc. A.D) |
2)Latin a)1st c. B.C. b)7th c. A.D. c) the Renaissance |
3) Scandinavian (8th-11th c. A.D. |
4) French a) Norman (11th-13th c. A.D. b) “Parisian” (the Renaissance) |
5) Greek (the Renaissance) |
6) Italian (the Renaissance) |
7) Spanish (the Renaissance) |
8) German |
9) Other languages |
Alongside loan words proper, we distinguish translation loans and semantic loans. Translation loans are words formed from the material already existing in the British language but according to patterns taken from another language, by way of morpheme-for –morpheme translation, e.g. wall newspaper- cmeнная газета.
The term “semantic loan ” is used to denote the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language. The English word pioneer meant ‘explorer’ and ‘one who is among the first in new fields of activity’
Assimilation of loans
The term assimilation of a loan word is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system. The degree of assimilation depends upon the length of the period of usage of the word in the receiving language, its importance for communication purpose and its frequency. Oral borrowings are assimilated more completely and more rapidly than borrowings through written speech.
A classification of loan words according to the degree of assimilation is general as no proper criteria have been developed. There are 3 groups: 1)completely assimilated loan words; 2)partially assimilated loan words and 3)unassimilated loan words or barbarisms.
1)completely assimilated words are found in all the layers of older borrowings. They may belong to the first layer of Latin borrowings, e.g. cheese, street, wall or wine. Among Scandinavian loan words there are such nouns as husband, fellow, gate, root, wing. Completely assimilated French words are numerous: chair, face and figure, finish and matter.
2)partially assimilated words can be non-assimilated phonetically: prestige, regime, memoir and grammatically: crisis-crises, formula-formulae, phenomenon-phenomena.
3) unassimilated loan words or barbarisms: hos d`oeuvres.
Etymological doublets are words of the same language which were derived by different routes from the same basic word. They differ to a certain degree in form, meaning and current usage. Sometimes these words were originally been dialectal variants of the same word: shirt-skirt come of the same root, but shirt – a native word, while skirt – a Scandinavian borrowing; canal (latin)- channel (French). Some words were borrowed from the same language twice at different periods: cavalry (Norm. French) - chivalry (French); Ther are even tpiplets: hospita l(Latin)- hostel (Norman)- hotel (French); to capture (Latin)- to catch (Norman)- to chase (French).
LECTURE VI
Археология об основании Рима: Новые раскопки проясняют и такой острый дискуссионный вопрос, как дата самого возникновения Рима...
Папиллярные узоры пальцев рук - маркер спортивных способностей: дерматоглифические признаки формируются на 3-5 месяце беременности, не изменяются в течение жизни...
Таксономические единицы (категории) растений: Каждая система классификации состоит из определённых соподчиненных друг другу...
Эмиссия газов от очистных сооружений канализации: В последние годы внимание мирового сообщества сосредоточено на экологических проблемах...
© cyberpedia.su 2017-2024 - Не является автором материалов. Исключительное право сохранено за автором текста.
Если вы не хотите, чтобы данный материал был у нас на сайте, перейдите по ссылке: Нарушение авторских прав. Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!