Таксономические единицы (категории) растений: Каждая система классификации состоит из определённых соподчиненных друг другу...
Типы оградительных сооружений в морском порту: По расположению оградительных сооружений в плане различают волноломы, обе оконечности...
Топ:
История развития методов оптимизации: теорема Куна-Таккера, метод Лагранжа, роль выпуклости в оптимизации...
Техника безопасности при работе на пароконвектомате: К обслуживанию пароконвектомата допускаются лица, прошедшие технический минимум по эксплуатации оборудования...
Когда производится ограждение поезда, остановившегося на перегоне: Во всех случаях немедленно должно быть ограждено место препятствия для движения поездов на смежном пути двухпутного...
Интересное:
Национальное богатство страны и его составляющие: для оценки элементов национального богатства используются...
Что нужно делать при лейкемии: Прежде всего, необходимо выяснить, не страдаете ли вы каким-либо душевным недугом...
Берегоукрепление оползневых склонов: На прибрежных склонах основной причиной развития оползневых процессов является подмыв водами рек естественных склонов...
Дисциплины:
2020-07-07 | 247 |
5.00
из
|
Заказать работу |
|
|
Exercise 1. Listening from Guide to Economics, unit 6”Market structures” – track 17
Write out definitions for the following terms: imperfect competition, monopoly, monopsony, oligopoly.
Exercise 2. Match up these words with the definitions below:
barriers to entry
monopolistic competition
oligopoly
dominant-firm oligopoly
monopoly
natural monopoly
cartel
economies of scale
perfect competition
monopsony
1…………. exists when products are homogeneous, and there are a great many firms too small to have any influence on the market price, and firms can easily enter and exit the industry.
2. A …………. is a market in a particular product in which a single producer can fix an artificial price.
3. ………. is the situation in which there is only one buyer.
4. A………. is an industry in which the efficient existence of more than one producer is impossible; examples include public utilities such as water, gas and electricity, where it would be inefficient to have several competing companies laying their own networks of pipes or cables.
5. ………. exists when many producers of slightly differentiated products are able to sell them at well above their marginal cost.
6. An………. is a concentrated market dominated by a few large suppliers. This is very frequent in manufacturing because of economies of scale and the cost barriers of entering an industry.
7. ………. are factors which cause the average cost of producing something to fall as output increases.
8. ………… are economic or technical factors that make it difficult or impossible for firms to enter a market or compete with existing suppliers.
9. A ……… is one in which a market leader can indicate its preferred price to smaller competitors.
10. A ……… is a group of producers or sellers who fix prices and quantities in order to avoid competition and increase profits. This is illegal in many countries, most notably the USA.
Exercise 3.
|
Rearrange the following sentences and part-sentences to make-up a short text about market concentration like this:
- begin with a paragraph containing arguments both against and in favour of monopoly
- continue with a paragraph defending or justifying market concentration
- end with a paragraph arguing that monopolies are always short-lived, and so not a problem.
A. According to this position, the government only needs to ensure that there is no monopoly over important inputs, because there will never be a monopoly of scientific or artistic genius or business ideas.
B. According to this view, market concentration arises naturally from a few successful firms growing larger as a result of increased efficiency, innovation, and economies of scale in production, distribution, R & D, capital financing, and so on.
C. a counter argument is that erecting barriers – for example, by process innovation, product differentiation, persuasive advertising, or pricing policy – in order to be successful and to make competitors less successful, is a normal part of rivalry and competition.
D. Although some people argue that any barrier to competition will inevitably lead to inefficiency,
E. An example here would be telecommunications.
F. and businesses facing no competition have no incentive to find ways to reduce costs.
G. Even the profits made by a natural monopoly will be temporary, because they are an incentive for entrepreneurs to discover and implement new low-cost technologies.
H. For example, although entrepreneurs introduce new products and techniques and open up new markets, their profits are soon competed away by rivals.
I. it is right that inventors should be granted a temporary monopoly as a reward for innovation or discovery.
J. monopolists are always able to make excessive profits,
K. Some people even argue that monopolies are always temporary and consequently not a problem.
L. The arguments against market concentration, or at least against monopoly, are obvious:
M. The only common argument in favour of monopoly concerns patents:
Discussion: Which of these arguments (or sets of arguments) do you find the most persuasive?
|
|
Индивидуальные очистные сооружения: К классу индивидуальных очистных сооружений относят сооружения, пропускная способность которых...
Эмиссия газов от очистных сооружений канализации: В последние годы внимание мирового сообщества сосредоточено на экологических проблемах...
Состав сооружений: решетки и песколовки: Решетки – это первое устройство в схеме очистных сооружений. Они представляют...
Архитектура электронного правительства: Единая архитектура – это методологический подход при создании системы управления государства, который строится...
© cyberpedia.su 2017-2024 - Не является автором материалов. Исключительное право сохранено за автором текста.
Если вы не хотите, чтобы данный материал был у нас на сайте, перейдите по ссылке: Нарушение авторских прав. Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!