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“The Golden Age” of Kyivan Rus which becomes, after Byzantium, the biggest
and culturally most advanced state in Eastern Europe. The peak of Kyivan Rus
development is the reign of Yaroslav I after whose death a process of feudal
disintegration begins.
Thirteenth Century
Feudal strife leads to the formation of several principalities with Kyiv remaining
a nominal centre. When the Mongol invade Kyivan Rus the Slavic resistance to the
invasion is greatly weakened by the lack of any concerted action against the invader.
In 1240 Kyiv is besieged and captured by the Mongols. After the fall of Kyiv, the
Halytsko-Volynske principality becomes the political and cultural centre of Ukraine:
later, one of the rulers of this principality, Danylo, achieves the actual and formal
status of a king.
Fourteenth Century
The biggest part of Ukraine comes under the domination of the Great Duchy of
Lithuania. After the union of Poland and Lithuania, the Ukrainian autonomy is
limited still further.
Sixteenth Century
Zaporizhska Sich, a sort of a Cossack republic is formed by the end of the
century (its centre was in the area of the present-day city of Zaporizhzhya).
Gradually, Sich acquires enough military and political strength to start playing a role
in big-time politics.
Seventeenth Century
In a war of independence the Polish rule is overthrown in a part of Ukraine; the
country is ruled by hetman, and some of the principles upon which the state rests are
similar to those of the Dutch republic, or of the British state during the rule of Oliver
Cromwell. In 1654, Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky is forced by an unfavourable
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political situation to sign a union treaty with the Muscovite state.
Eighteenth Century
Early in the century, Hetman Mazepa, motivated by a growing concern about an
increasing interference of the Russian Empire in the Ukrainian affairs, makes moves
directed at establishing a greater autonomy or even complete independence of
Ukraine; he becomes an ally of the Swedish King Charles XII who invades Russia
with an excellently equipped and trained army. In the Battle of Poltava in 1709, the
Russian army defeats the Swedish-Ukrainian troops. By the end of the century,
Ukraine completely loses its autonomy and is divided between the Russian and
Austrian Empires.
Twentieth Century
In 1917, following the Revolution in Russia, Ukraine becomes autonomous and
a little later independent (November 1917 — the Ukrainian People’s Republic is
proclaimed; January 1918 — full independence is declared; western and eastern
Ukrainian lands are united in one state). This independence, which is upheld by the
national revival movement that began in the previous century, is short lived, and
Ukraine becomes an arena of a bloody civil war in which several forces, domestic
and foreign, vied for supremacy. The Bolshevik government that comes to power as
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a result of a coup, pursues an aggressive policy against Ukraine. By 1920, the
Bolshevik forces are victorious, and two years later Ukraine is integrated into the
Soviet Union. The Stalinist economic and socialist policies result in a massive
disruption of agricultural production and Ukraine is hit by several famines, the most
disastrous of which is that of 1932-1933, when millions of Ukrainians die of
starvation.
1939 — in accordance with a secret protocol of the German-Soviet Non-
Aggression Pact of August 1939, the western Ukrainian land, which hitherto were
under the Polish rule, are reunited with the rest of Ukraine. In 1941, Nazi Germany
invades the Soviet Union and Ukraine once again finds itself among the countries
the hardest hit by the war. Ukrainian resistance both to the German and Soviet rule
begins in Western Ukraine: the Ukrainian Insurgent does not lay down its arms after
the defeat of Germany and continues fighting against the Soviet regime well into the
1950s.
1945 — the Soviet Ukraine becomes one of the UN founding states.
1986 — in April, a reactor explodes at the Chernobyl nuclear power station,
about a hundred miles from Kyiv: the explosion and radioactive fall-out result in the
worst man-made technological disaster of all times. Millions of people are affected
by the result of the Chernohyl disaster.
1991 – on 16 July, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopts the Declaration of
Ukrainian Sovereignty: the movement in support of independence gains momentum.
1991 — on 24 August, Ukraine is declared independent, following an abortive
coup in Moscow (the coup was an attempt to prevent a disintegration of the Soviet
Union). In December, a referendum is held and the absolute majority of the
Ukrainian population votes for independence. The first president is elected (Leonid
Kravchuk), and a slow process of building an economic, social and political
foundation of sovereignty begins: within several months, Ukrainian independence is
recognised worldwide.
1994 – in the second presidential elections, Leonid Kuchma gets more votes
than the incumbent president Kravchuk; in 1999, Leonid Kuchma is elected for the
second term in office.
1996 – on 28 June, Verkhovna Rada, after much debate, adopts the new
Constitution of Ukraine; on 2 September, hryvnya, the new national monetary unit,
is introduced.
2001 – the Roman Pope John Paul II visits Ukraine in June.
August 24, 2001 — Ukraine celebrates the 10th anniversary of its independence.
2002 — on 31 March, Parliamentary elections will be held.
III. Answer the questions:
1. When did the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant take place?
2. What effect did it have on the life in Ukraine?
3. What memorable dates in the history of Ukraine are known to you?
4. What state was set up within the boundaries of the present-day Ukraine in the IX
century?
5. When did Kyivan Rus rise to the peak of its development?
6. What did the beginning of the XIII century see?
7. Who headed the liberation war of the Ukrainian people against the Poles?
8. How long did the Ukrainian people fight for independence?
9. When did Ukraine gain its independence?
10.What do you know about hetmans of the Ukraine?
IV. Find in the text the English equivalents for the expressions below:
1. независимое государство
2. известное нам из различных источников
3. племена, населяющие Украину
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4. устанавливать руководство над кем-то
5. волны варваров прокатились по территории Украины
6. которые постепенно расширяло свои земли
7. обращать в другую веру
8. феодальная раздробленность
9. отсутствие согласованных действий
10.объявлена полная независимость
11.соперничать за превосходство
12.движение в поддержку за независимость
V. Give the Russian equivalents for:
1. public figures
2. in a fit of ultra-patriotic fillings
3. to go deep into the murky prehistoric past
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4. to contribute to the emergence and development
5. from various sources
6. the earliest tribes inhabiting Ukraine
7. to establish somebody’s hegemony over something
8. substantial evidence
9. a process of feudal disintegration
10.the lack of any concerted action against the invader
11.a war of independence
12. to sign a union treaty
13.a massive disruption
14.to vie for supremacy
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